Producción de biomasa y caracterización química de Lentinula edodes cultivado en biorreactor bajo diferentes condiciones

La ingeniería bioquímica juega un papel importante en el desarrollo tecnológico de los procesos de obtención ya sea de cuerpos fructíferos de setas con potencial medicinal para el consumo directo, o en la fabricación de nutracéuticos y/o suplementos dietarios. Esta investigación implementó una metodología en biorreactor para el cultivo del hongo macromiceto Lentinula edodes, conocido comúnmente como Shiitake, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto que tienen la velocidad de agitación y el flujo de aire en la producción de biomasa y de metabolitos de mediana y baja polaridad. Se determinó que el rendimiento y la productividad más altos de producción de biomasa se logra a unas condiciones de 80 rpm y 0,50 vvm obteniendo 0,0260 g/g y 0,00433 g/L*h respectivamente. Igualmente, en cuanto a la composición de esta biomasa, se concluyó que se genera un máximo contenido de proteína (33,4% del micelio liofilizado) a unas condiciones de 140 rpm y 0,75 vvm, los esteroles alcanzaron un porcentaje de 89,32% del extracto en DCM a 80 rpm y 0,5 vvm. Los resultados del análisis por GC-MS confirman la amplia variedad de compuestos que se pueden obtener a partir de un cultivo en biorreactor del hongo Lentinula edodes.

Biochemical engineering plays an important role in the technological development of the processes for obtaining either mushroom fruiting bodies with medicinal potential for direct consumption, or in the manufacture of nutraceuticals and/or dietary supplements. This research implemented a methodology in a bioreactor for the cultivation of the Lentinula edodes macromycete fungus, commonly known as Shiitake, with the aim of evaluating the effect of agitation speed and air flow on the production of biomass and metabolites of median and low polarity. Thus, it was found that the highest yield and productivity of biomass production is achieved at conditions of 80 rpm and 0,50 vvm, obtaining 0,0260 g/g and 0,00433 g/L*h respectively. Likewise, in the study of the content of metabolites it was concluded that for the protein 33,4% of the lyophilized mycelium was reached at conditions of 140 rpm and 0,75 vvm, the sterols reached a percentage of 89,32% of the extract. in DCM at 80 rpm and 0,5 vvm. The results of the GC-MS analysis confirm the wide variety of compounds that can be obtained from a bioreactor culture of the Lentinula edodes fungus.

Impact of urbanization on functional diversity in macromycete communities along an urban ecosystem in Southwest Mexico.

Macromycetes are a group of fungi characterized by the production of fruit bodies and are highly relevant in most terrestrial ecosystems as pathogens, mutualists, and organic matter decomposers. Habitat transformation can drastically alter macromycete communities and diminish the contribution of these organisms to ecosystem functioning; however, knowledge on the effect of urbanization on macrofungal communities is scarce. Diversity metrics based on functional traits of macromycete species have shown to be valuable tools to predict how species contribute to ecosystem functionality since traits determine the performance of species in ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess patterns of species richness, functional diversity, and composition of macrofungi in an urban ecosystem in Southwest Mexico, and to identify microclimatic, environmental, and urban factors related to these patterns in order to infer the effect of urbanization on macromycete communities. We selected four oak forests along an urbanization gradient and established a permanent sampling area of 0.1 ha at each site. Macromycete sampling was carried out every week from June to October 2017. The indices used to measure functional diversity were functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDig), and functional evenness (FEve). The metric used to assess variation of macrofungal ecological function along the study area was the functional value. We recorded a total of 134 macromycete species and 223 individuals. Our results indicated a decline of species richness with increased urbanization level related mainly to microclimatic variables, and a high turnover of species composition among study sites, which appears to be related to microclimatic and urbanization variables. FRic decreased with urbanization level, indicating that some of the available resources in the niche space within the most urbanized sites are not being utilized. FDig increased with urbanization, which suggests a high degree of niche differentiation among macromycete species within communities in urbanized areas. FEve did not show notable differences along the urbanization gradient, indicating few variations in the distribution of abundances within the occupied sections of the niche space. Similarly, the functional value was markedly higher in the less urbanized site, suggesting greater performance of functional guilds in that area. Our findings suggest that urbanization has led to a loss of macromycete species and a decrease in functional diversity, causing some sections of the niche space to be hardly occupied and available resources to be under-utilized, which could, to a certain extent, affect ecosystem functioning and stability.

Evaluación del crecimiento radial de Lactarius volemus en medio semisólido / Evaluation of radial growth of Lactarius volemus in semisolid medium

Objetivo: Evaluar el crecimiento radial de Lactarius volemus en cinco medios de cultivo semisólidos in vitro.Materiales y métodos: Cuerpos fructíferos de L. volemus provenientes de la Sierra Norte del estado de Oaxaca, México, se cultivaron en laboratorio en medios Agar Papa Dextrosa, Agar Czapek-Dox, Agar Extracto de Malta, Agar Papa Sacarosa y Agar Dextrosa Saboraud; mediante dos técnicas de sembrado. Se evaluaron las características morfológicas de colonias obtenidas de distintas muestras del cuerpo fructífero, así como el crecimiento radial de cada una.Resultados: El crecimiento colonial evaluado permitió seleccionar un medio que reúne las condiciones óptimas para el cultivo de Lactarius volemus in vitro. No todas las muestras utilizadas desarrollan un crecimiento abundante: la muestra proveniente del látex presenta un crecimiento escaso.Conclusiones: Con la evaluación del crecimiento radial de Lactarius volemus se obtiene una referencia directa del ciclo de crecimiento de esta especie; es posible identificar las fases exponencial y estacionaria pero las condiciones del medio no permiten evaluar la fase de muerte debido a la deshidratación y reducción del agar.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the radial growth of Lactarius volemus in five semi-solid culture media in vitro.Materials and methods: Fruitful bodies of L. volemus from the Sierra Norte of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, were cultured in the laboratory in Potato Dextrose Agar Papa, Czapek-Dox Agar, Malt Extract Agar, Potato Sucrose Agar and Dextrose Saboraud Agar; using two seeding techniques. The morphological characteristics of colonies obtained from different samples of the fruiting body were evaluated, as well as the radial growth of each one.Results: The evaluated colonial growth allowed to select a culture medium that meets the optimal conditions for the cultivation of Lactarius volemus in vitro. Not all samples used develop abundant growth: the sample from latex shows little growth.Conclusions: With the evaluation of the radial growth of Lactarius volemus a direct reference to the growth cycle of this species is obtained; it is possible to identify the exponential and stationary phases but the conditions of the medium do not allow evaluating the phase of death due to dehydration and reduction of the agar.(AU)

ÁCIDOS GRASOS, ÉSTERES Y ESTEROLES DEL CUERPO FRUCTÍFERO DEL HONGO Laccaria laccata / FATTY ACIDS, ESTERS AND STEROLS OF THE Laccaria laccata MUSHROOM / ÁCIDOS GRAXOS, ÉSTERES E ESTERÓIS DO CORPO FRUTÍFERO DO FUNGO Laccaria laccata

Del extracto en acetato de etilo del hongo comestible Laccaria laccata se aislaron 3 ácidos grasos, 6 esteres etílicos, 5 esteroles y un triterpeno ergostánico. Los compuestos se identificaron por EM como ácido palmítico, ácido linoléico y ácido oléico, hexadecanoato de etilo, 8-octadecenoato de etilo, 9-octadecenoato de etilo, 9,12-octadecadienoato de etilo, estearato de etilo, eicosanoato de etilo, ergosta- 2,5,7,9(11),22-pentaeno, ergosta- 5,7,22-trien-3β (ergosterol), ergosta- 7,22-dien-3β, ergosta-7-en-3β, ergosta- 5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3β-ol y estigmast- 5-en-3β. Tanto los ésteres como los dos últimos compuestos se reportan por primera vez en la especie laccata.

From the extract in ethyl acetate of the eatable fungus Laccaria laccata were isolated three fatty acids, 6 ethylic esters, 5 sterols and an ergostanic triterpene. The compounds were identified by M.S. as palmitic, linoleic and oleic acid, ethyl Hexadecanoate, ethyl 8-octadecenoate, ethyl 9-octadecenoate; 9,12-ethyl octadecadienoate, ethyl estearate, ethyl eicosanoate, ergost-2,5,7,9(11),22-pentaene, ergost-5,7,22-triene-3β-ol (ergosterol), ergost-7-22-diene-3β-ol, ergost-7- ene-3β-ol, ergost-5,7,9 (11),22-tetraen- 3β-ol and estigmast-5-ene-3β-ol. The esters and the two latter compounds are reported by first time in the Laccata mushroom.

Do extrato em acetato de etilo do fungo comestível Laccaria laccata, isolaram-se 3 ácidos graxos, 6 ésteres etílicos, 5 esteróis e um triterpeno ergostânico. Os compostos identificaram-se por E.M. como ácido palmítico, ácido linoléico e ácido oléico, hexadecanoato de etilo, 8-octadecenoato de etilo, 9-octadecenoato de etilo, 9,12-octadecadienoato de etilo, estearato de etilo, eicosanoato de etilo, ergosta- 2,5,7,9(11),22-pentaeno, ergosta- 5,7,22-trien-3β-ol (ergosterol), ergosta- 7,22-dien-3β-ol, ergosta- 7-en-3β-ol, ergosta- 5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol y estigmast- 5-en-3β-ol. Os ésteres e os dois últimos esteróis reportaram- se pelo primeira vez na espécie laccata.